For social structures, including businesses, to be sustainable a balance between individual and collective strive for well-being and survival has to be met. To this end design choices have to be made for modes of participation, modes of communication and decision-making, modes of influence and authority in the context of network, networked, networking and network making powers (Castells 2012). Also this presence design is effectively a meta-design in which structures of governance and structures of participation are designed to be amended over time.
The different analytical frameworks, as discussed in section 3.1, are all of relevance to Design for Values: presencing, collaborative authoring of outcomes, simulations and emulations for paying tribute to the diverse links in the actor network system, poly-centricity and distributed systems design. Presence as a value in Design for Values needs to address agency of participants and the potential for trust between participants including the system itself. Being and bearing witness have to be scripted in (Nevejan & Brazier 2014).
Example 3: Presence as value in Design for Values
Presence as a value in Design for Values positions our ‘strive for well-being and survival’ centre-stage in all phases of the design process. However, systems necessarily have multiple actors each with their own strive for well-being and survival. Their needs may collide. Where in nature's design, according to Darwin, in the strive for well-being and survival the fittest will survive, in designs for human society more complex and more balanced presence design is possible. Colliding, interdependent needs of multiple actors need to be taken into account, as the context for design.
