To hear—to say: the mediating presence of the healing witness

Illness and trauma challenge self-narratives. Traumatized individuals, unable to speak about their experiences, suffer in isolation. In this paper, I explore Kristeva’s theories of the speaking subject and signification, with its symbolic and semiotic modalities, to understand how a person comes to speak the unspeakable.

Illness and trauma challenge self-narratives. Traumatized individuals, unable to speak about their experiences, suffer in isolation. In this paper, I explore Kristeva’s theories of the speaking subject and signification, with its symbolic and semiotic modalities, to understand how a person comes to speak the unspeakable.

In discussing the origin of the speaking subject, Kristeva employs Plato’s chora (related to choreo, “to make room for”). The chora reflects the mother’s preparation of the child’s entry into language and forms an interior darkroom, the reservoir of lived experience, from which self-narratives issue. Unable to speak of their suffering, traumatized individuals need someone to help them make room for a time of remembrance, someone who is a willing and capable listener. I call such a person a healing witness. Through the mediating presence of the healing witness, fragmented memories of trauma are recreated and incorporated into self-narratives that are sharable with others. Unfortunately, opportunities for witnessing are vanishing. In the last section, I examine the failure of modern media and communication technologies to bear (“hold,” “carry,” “transport”) acts of witnessing. I argue that they perturb the semiotic. According to Kristeva, meaning arises from the dialectical tension between the semiotic (drives and affects) and the symbolic (logic and rules) and is threatened by arid discourse, psychosomatic illnesses, and outbreaks of violence when the semiotic is not represented. Unless we open technology to the imaginary, we risk losing the capacity to bear witness to one another and to create narratives and connections that are meaningful.

AI & Society, Journal for Knowledge, Culture an Communication. Special issue Witnessed Presence. Volume 27, Number 1, February 2012.
Online available at: Springerlink.com:
DOI 10.1007/s00146-011-0327-5

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The call to witness

Through prayer, dialogue, art, and analysis, we therefore must seek “the great infinitesimal emancipation: restarting ourselves unceasingly.”
—Francis L. Restuccia (2009), paraphrasing Julia Kristeva (1997/2002)

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Traumatic memory

One need not be a chamber to be haunted. One need not be a house. Far safer, through an abbey gallop, than unarmed, one’s self encountered in a lonesome place. Ourself behind ourself, concealed should startle most.
—Emily Dickinson (1890/1997), from “Poem 670”

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Speaking subjects

In the beginning was suffering.
—Julia Kristeva (1993), Proust and the Sense of Time

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The healing witness

A human face is … spread out … beneath the glance of other human faces, and it takes gladly to these glances. It stands there broad and full so that the other face may take its time and slowly penetrate it, it even lifts out its lines more sharply as if to guide the contemplating glance and spreads out its planes as carpets for the glance to rest upon if it be tired. And thus alternately resting and moving, the observing glance penetrates the face.
—Max Picard (1931), The Human Face

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Mediations

Fig. 1 A representation of the Shannon (1948, 1949) model of communication.

The whole face … runs forward, the glance no longer stops anywhere, the mouth never utters a word calmly, it leaps after its spoken word—the whole face is in flight. The faces of today are not arranged for staying, they are as if routed, they are in full flight. They are throngs that have come from one world and are hastening to another world and they just whiz by here on their perpetual journey.
—Max Picard (1931), The Human Face

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Marianthe Karanikas for introducing me to narrative medicine and for her discussions and assistance in the early stages of drafting the first few sections of this paper.

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